Fuelling these wider conversations is increased urbanisation, where inhabitants require other forms of transport and in a variety of services. Other drivers of this change include new ownership and usage models, such as Uber. But, as many experts of the phenomenon of Peak Car having pointed out, a fundamental shift certainly needs to take place. With transport today contributing around 33% of all greenhouse gases, it is an obvious place to seek improvement.

What can we expect of integrated, inclusive transport? Greater choice, better connections (and thus efficiency as well as ease for the traveller) as well as more green and sustainable options. Many cities – Sheffield, Belfast, Singapore, Dundee, Shenzhen – are discussing the need for and success of Integrated Transport Hubs (ITH). However, the ingredients for each ITH vary considerably, given the locality. In Singapore, the addition of shops and air conditioning while waiting for buses and trains is critical, while Shenzen aims for an ITH with 5 underground railway stations, a border control point and numerous commercial areas.

Transport solutions that address key societal needs, benefitting the urban poor, are a key target. The urban poor suffer from a lack of mobility options and associated issues such as exposure to emissions and to unsafe conditions. To counteract this, the avoidance of spatial marginalization of areas inhabited by low income populations, improving (heavily relied upon) informal transport options, facilitating bicycle ownership for poor and low income groups and provision of adequate infrastructure for pedestrians (safe walkways, seating, toilet facilities, etc.), are all vital. Transport poverty, though, isn’t just a developing world issue, and the charity Sustrans says that it’s a daily reality for millions of people across England.

‘Social transport’ solutions highlighted in The Pro-poor Mobility point out positive ways in which poorer travellers move – in human-powered private enterprise solutions especially. That includes bicycle taxis (bodabodas) in East Africa and eco-friendly dial-a-rickshaw services in Fazilka, India. The Bangkok Metropolitan Region Authority’s van transit system in congested areas is another fine example.

Of course, integrated solutions won’t happen overnight. Doing ‘new’ is hard. But technology and visibility can play a huge part in the transition taking place. These areas can instil a greater expectation on providers and showcase solutions for all to see. But government cannot do this alone; such a shift requires partnerships that include new players, tech-enabled, and new business models. Hammarby Sjöstad (Hammarby Lake City) is an eco-friendly urban development in Stockholm, and its sustainable transport front features a tramline, bicycle and pedestrian networks, carpooling and a ferry. Infrastructure here was planned as ‘closed loop’ systems for water, waste and energy – all feeding each other.